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International Starch Association Starch and Glucose Glossary". Archived from the original on 16 July 2002.
Maple syrup is another well-known sweetener from nature. It is thinner than corn syrup and has a much richer and distinctive taste. It also has a deep brown color. In addition, the neutral sweet taste of sugar mimics that of corn syrup. While the taste will be almost identical, the consistency of white sugar is different than corn syrup. You can easily change that though with a bit of water. Glucose syrup was the primary corn sweetener in the United States prior to the expanded use of high fructose corn syrup production in 1964. [14] HFCS is a variant in which other enzymes are used to convert some of the glucose into fructose. [15] The resulting syrup is sweeter and more soluble. [ citation needed]The more general term glucose syrup is often used synonymously with corn syrup, since glucose syrup in the United States is most commonly made from corn starch. [1] [2] Technically, glucose syrup is any liquid starch hydrolysate of mono-, di-, and higher- saccharides and can be made from any source of starch: wheat, tapioca and potatoes are the most common other sources. [3] [4] [5] Commercial preparation [ edit ] When looking for a substitute, the two key things to consider are how will the substitute change the flavor or texture of the final product. In some recipes, slight changes in taste and texture will not be noticeable – especially depending on the ingredient being substituted.
In some of these recipes, the neutral taste and consistency of corn syrup may not be as important as in candy recipes. Therefore, when looking for a substitute for corn syrup choose one that is best for your specific recipe. The Best Corn Syrup Substitutes Historically, corn syrup was produced by combining corn starch with dilute hydrochloric acid, and then heating the mixture under pressure. The process was invented by the German chemist Gottlieb Kirchhoff in 1811. Currently, corn syrup is obtained through a multi-step bioprocess. First, the enzyme α- amylase is added to a mixture of corn starch and water. α-amylase is secreted by various species of the bacterium genus Bacillus and the enzyme is isolated from the liquid in which the bacteria were grown. The enzyme breaks down the starch into oligosaccharides, which are then broken into glucose molecules by adding the enzyme glucoamylase, known also as "γ-amylase". Glucoamylase is secreted by various species of the fungus Aspergillus; the enzyme is isolated from the liquid in which the fungus is grown. The glucose can then be transformed into fructose by passing the glucose through a column that is loaded with the enzyme D-xylose isomerase, an enzyme that is isolated from the growth medium of any of several bacteria. [6]
Hobbs, Larry (2009). "Starch: Chemistry and Technology". In BeMiller, James; Whistler, Roy (eds.). Sweeteners from Starch: Production, Properties and Uses (PDF) (3rded.). Elsevier Inc. pp.808–813. ISBN 978-0-12-746275-2 . Retrieved 5 December 2019. Dark corn syrup is a combination of corn syrup and refiner's syrup, caramel color and flavor, salt, and the preservative sodium benzoate. Its color is dark brown. The viscosity and sweetness of the syrup depends on the extent to which the hydrolysis reaction has been carried out. To distinguish different grades of syrup, they are rated according to their dextrose equivalent (DE). Most commercially available corn syrups are approximately 1/3 glucose by weight. [ citation needed]
Corn syrup is a food syrup which is made from the starch of corn (called maize in many countries) and contains varying amounts of sugars: glucose, maltose and higher oligosaccharides, depending on the grade. Corn syrup is used in foods to soften texture, add volume, prevent crystallization of sugar, and enhance flavor. Corn syrup is not the same as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which is manufactured from corn syrup by converting a large proportion of its glucose into fructose using the enzyme D-xylose isomerase, thus producing a sweeter substance. Fructose, high fructose corn syrup, sucrose and health. James M. Rippe. New York. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4899-8077-9. OCLC 876051670. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) CS1 maint: others ( link) In the United States, tariff-rate quotas for cane sugar imports raise sugar prices; [13] hence, domestically produced corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup are less costly alternatives that are often used in American-made processed and mass-produced foods, candies, soft drinks, and fruit drinks. [11]Another natural option that has gained popularity in recent years is agave nectar. Agave has a more neutral taste than honey. So, it can be a nice alternative to corn syrup when you don’t want to impact the flavor.
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